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弗拉门戈
西班牙其它1995
  介紹:  卡洛斯索拉(Carlos Saura)是西班牙史上備受矚目的電影導演。他以佛朗明哥舞為主軸,巧妙的融合西班牙的繪畫、舞蹈、音樂,舞台設計等各類藝術,透過獨特的攝影機運動,在極簡中創造華麗的視覺奇蹟。在坎城獲得最佳藝術貢獻獎和最高技術大獎的「卡門」,與「血婚」、「魔愛」,合稱為「佛朗明哥三部曲」,更成為索拉最具代表性的作品。近半世紀以來,索拉豐富的作品已成為檢視西班牙政治、歷史與社會變化的重要註腳。  阿拉岡省烏艾斯卡(Hueska)  1932年出生在阿拉岡省的烏艾斯卡(Hueska),索拉19歲就在皇家攝影協會舉辦首次個人特展,並在畫家哥哥安東尼奧的建議下,進入電影研究與實驗中心(I.I.E.C.,西班牙國立電影學院的前身)就讀。索拉早期的作品,傾向於寫實且充滿新浪潮的精神,1966年的《狩獵》(La Caza)為其代表作,七○年代《安琪莉卡表妹》(La Prima Angelica)和《飼養烏鴉》(Cria!,1976)深受歐美影評人的喜愛,並相繼在坎城中獲獎。  八○年代,索拉以「佛朗明哥三部曲」首開以電影來呈現舞蹈的先例,為國際影壇帶來了一種全新的電影形式與風貌。索拉獨特的運鏡手法不僅發揚了佛朗明哥舞熾烈的熱情和修長的線條美,更不難發現索拉擅長從極簡中創造炫目的電影視覺語言。其中,《卡門》更在坎城得到藝術貢獻獎和高等技術大獎,並入圍了奧斯卡最佳外語片。  九○年代,索拉與知名的攝影家和藝術總監合作多部作品,並以《情慾飛舞》在坎城得到技術大獎,並再次入圍奧斯卡。二十餘年來,索拉多部電影作品涵括劇情片與佛朗明哥音樂舞蹈片,數次奪得國際影展的肯定早已在國際間奠定獨樹一格的地位,而他對西班牙歌舞片的拓展貢獻,更謂居功厥偉。  弗拉门戈是西班牙的一种综合性艺术,它融舞蹈、歌唱、器乐于一体,过去流行在西班牙南部,现在已扩展到西班牙的广大地区,并正在成为整个西班牙的代表性艺术之一。  西班牙南部的安达卢西亚长期以来是各种音乐文化的大溶炉,早年希腊、迦太基、罗马、拜占廷的居民带来了地中海边远地区的音乐,后来西哥特人,又带来了他们的文化。从公元八世纪起,阿拉伯人在此建立了西哈里发帝国,统治延续了700多年。从15世纪中起,吉卜赛人又大量移居此地。因此,在安达卢西亚既有阿拉伯文化的巨大影响,又有吉卜赛歌舞艺术的强大魅力,使这个地区变成了欧洲最具有异国风味,东方色彩的地方。正是在这样的背景下产生了弗拉门戈艺术。  关于弗拉门戈的来源说法很多,有人认为它是吉卜赛人从北印度带来的,有人则认为它来自阿拉伯,但它与吉卜赛人有密切关系则是可以肯定的。  在弗拉门戈的演出中,我们常常看见歌手紧皱眉头,面部表情忧郁、愤懑、歌声嘶哑,这是其他演出中很少见到的,人们感到奇怪,但如果了解了弗拉门戈产生的背景,也就不难理解了。弗拉门戈艺术反映了吉卜赛人贫穷、悲惨的命运和处境,并通过诗歌、音乐和舞蹈来表现它。15世纪西班牙统一后,君主及天主教会强迫犹太人、阿拉伯人改宗,强迫吉卜赛人改变生活方式,他们为了逃避迫害,被迫离家出走,流离失所,逃往偏僻的山区,他们过着同样的苦难生活,是吉卜赛人用他们的歌喉、舞步、乐器诉说了这一切。  到18世纪中叶,弗拉门戈已经在安达卢西亚风行一时,但上流社会仍然拒绝它,后来有一位为当时流行的独幕剧《托纳蒂亚》作曲的音乐家采用了吉卜赛的诗句和旋律,情况才有了改变。这个时期出现了不少专业的演唱家,1920年还演出了第一部弗拉门戈歌剧,1922年在格拉纳达举行了有名的弗拉门戈比赛,但随后这门艺术就趋于衰微。直到1956年在科尔多瓦举行弗拉门戈比赛,1957年在海雷兹建立了弗拉门戈学,这种艺术才得到复兴和发展。  在表演时,一群歌手、舞蹈家和吉他手组成的弗拉门戈,团体围成半园形,坐在舞台的椅子上。演出开始于歌手的喊叫声,感叹声,这是为了在观众的心中点燃热情之火,吉他手则奏出引子或前奏,为歌舞营造一种特殊的气氛,歌手在开始演唱前也要调节自己的声音,暗哑并带有鼻音色彩的音色至今仍是弗拉门戈歌声的特点,装饰音多用在重音上,类似倚音的婉转曲折的音很常见,而且常常是微分音。这是在其他西欧国家是很少见的一种唱法。歌词内容大多与上帝、爱情、女人、死亡有关,但很少有关于金钱,发财的内容,这可能与吉卜赛人的某些观念有关。吉他既用来独奏也用于伴奏,但主要当作节奏乐器来用,它有三种基本音乐手法,一是用手指扫弦,二是旋律经过句,三是在歌唱中间作即兴式的间奏。吉他演奏者的力度较大,音色也比较明亮。  在整个表演过程中,演员和观众都在追求一种“杜恩德”--即心灵的相通,把它作为最高的境界。 弗拉门戈的节奏既有自由的散板,也有有规则的循环拍,常用的12拍就有3、6、8、10、12五个重音,有点类似印度的塔拉节拍。音乐进行中增二度音程很多。从音乐风格来看,佛拉门弋音乐是一种忧郁哀伤与狂热奔放的混合体,弗拉门戈舞蹈中的男子非常注重脚的动作,用脚跟敲击地板时发出的节奏十分清脆,女子的舞蹈则更注重手、腕、臂、腰、臀的动作,舞蹈者常常情不自禁地一面踏地,一面捻手指发声,再加上歌声、拍手声、喊叫声、舞步踢踏声、舞蹈者手中的响板声,互相交错应和,表演者与观众心心相应,气氛十分热烈。  弗拉门戈的古典歌曲和舞蹈节目约有60多种,有单人表演的,也有集体表演的,有些是有伴奏的,有些是无伴奏的。按其内容大致可分为三类,即深沉的歌,又称大歌,这是最早的弗拉门戈音乐,也是最难唱的一种,歌唱时节奏自由,音色暗哑,有时近于喊叫,微分音、装饰音很多,东方色彩最浓。另一类是轻快的歌,它的情绪欢乐愉快,曲调流畅,节奏鲜明,比较轻快,并吸收了一些拉丁美洲音乐的因素,还有一类是中庸的歌,它介于这两种歌曲之间。  演唱弗拉门戈的歌唱家很多,在1920年左右的黄金时代最著名的是吉卜赛男歌手马诺洛加拉科尔和女歌手帕斯托拉·帕冯。当代最杰出的男歌手是加马隆·伊斯拉,他既有明亮的高音,又有粗犷的音色,他表达的情感深深触动了每位观众的心弦。最著名的女歌手为加尔曼·里纳雷斯,早期最著名的弗拉门戈吉他演奏家为拉蒙·蒙多亚,他吸收了古典吉他的演奏技巧,发展了弗拉门戈吉他的演奏艺术。当代最有名的演奏家是帕科·卢西亚,他受到了拉丁美洲音乐的影响,有所创新。  近年来在年青一代中,已有人将弗拉门戈艺术与爵士乐,巴西的博萨诺瓦,加勒比海的沙尔萨和布鲁斯摇滚乐相结合,形成了一种新的流派。

蘑菇影视

所罗门
美国英语1997
  David, now an old man, is still king of Israel. Among his sons, the ambitious Adonijah and the clever Solomon. The two young men are fierce rivals, since both are prospective heirs to the throne and only one can be successful. During a hunting expedition, Adonijah challenges his younger brother Solomon to a chariot race. While Solomon, though brave, still retains a modicum of caution, the daredevil Adonijah is eager to win at all costs -- and loses control of his chariot. Solomon takes the seriously injured Adonijah back to Jerusalem. On the way there they meet the attractive Abishag, who despite her youth is versed in the use of healing herbs. She actually succeeds in helping the prince. Adonijah falls in love with Abishag -- but Bathsheba arranges things so that she works for David, hoping that her youth, her beauty and her healing powers will soothe the old king's suffering. Several members of the influential priesthood and also the respected army general Joab, who served David loyally for many years, support Adonijah's claim to the throne-- even though David has still not made any decision with regard to a potential successor. The battle-experienced Joab regards Solomon as an indecisive weakling, under whose leadership the kingdom would soon fall apart. When the prophet Nathan finds out about Adonijah's conspiracy he informs Bathsheba and Solomon, who urge David to take immediate action. And so it comes to pass that preparations to anoint the future king of Israel are made both at the Spring of Enrogel, where Adonijah and his men are encamped, as well as in Jerusalem. The festive procession for Adonijah has already been assembled and the people enticed with delicious delicacies to cheer him on, when the news of Solomon's coronation reaches Enrogel. The people promptly acknowledge the will of King David and stream off to Jerusalem in their hordes to greet Solomon, their future ruler. Adonijah remains behind with a handful of loyal followers. He realizes that he has lost -- for the time being. Humbly he places his life in his brother's hands. Adonijah is forgiven on one condition: that he always remains loyal to his brother Solomon. The great King David is dead, and his son Solomon has succeeded him as the rightful ruler of Israel. Adonijah now has a request to make of Bathsheba: he wants to marry Abishag. Solomon hears about this seemingly innocent wish, and recognizes it as a renewed ploy on behalf of his brother to reclaim the throne -- Adonijah's marriage to the last woman to share King David's bed would strengthen his political position considerably. Solomon knows that he has to act quickly and decisively if he is to secure his own power. He has his brother Adonijah and the latter's closest associate Joab executed. After this radical decision, Solomon withdraws to present sacrifices. In a dream the Lord appears to him and grants him the fulfillment of a wish, whatever it may be. Solomon merely asks for wisdom -- in order to become a good ruler and judge. War with Egypt is looming. To arm his kingdom against the territorial ambitions of its powerful neighbors, Solomon not only introduces several reforms but also decides to marry the daughter of the pharaoh. The Egyptian princess does not remain Solomon's only wife, however: as time goes by the king marries numerous noble women from many different countries for political and economic reasons. In this way he preserves peace for his people, and creates great prosperity. By allowing the women to continue practicing their domestic customs and religious rituals in Jerusalem as well, he comes into regular conflict with the priesthood, who see the foreign religions as endangering Israel's sole covenant with the Lord. The wisdom granted to Solomon by God becomes fully evident when the king sits in judgment. One day two harlots each claim to be mother of the same baby. Solomon's decision seems utterly cruel: he says that the child should be cut in two so that each woman receives half. Solomon can now determine who the real mother is from her reaction: she will not allow her child to be harmed. Solomon hands the child back to its true mother amid cheers of approval. One of the most important tasks handed down to Solomon by his father David is building the great Temple to house the Ark of the Covenant. It has to be larger and more magnificent than all other temples in the world, and Solomon now sets about fulfilling his father's wish. He places Jeroboam in charge of the Israelite workers as chief overseer. Seven years later, the work is completed. The expensive construction materials have been brought from far-off lands, and the people of Israel have paid exceedingly high taxes without complaint in order to finance the construction work. The Ark of the Covenant can now finally be taken to the Temple in a triumphant procession. After so many years of wandering, the Israelites' most sacred possession now has a fixed home of its own. People stream to Jerusalem from across the entire country to celebrate the great day. Abishag, now married, comes too and brings her family. Solomon has decided to mingle among the people in disguise, and he and Abishag are overjoyed when they accidentally meet again after so many years. The Temple makes Jerusalem and its king famous throughout the world. Even the dark-skinned Queen of Sheba sets off with a large retinue to visit the wise and cultivated Solomon and admire his magnificent city. The admiration turns out to be mutual: Solomon, captivated by her beauty, falls deeply in love with her. The two of them have a child, Menelik, but one day the Queen of Sheba decides to leave. She does not want Menelik to be deprived of the regal dignity awaiting him in his home country. Solomon stays behind, with a heavy heart. The king has now achieved everything he set his heart on, but with the passing of the years the wise Solomon gradually becomes a melancholy, skeptical old man who regularly questions his very existence. Material things seem to represent the only reality for him. He also refuses to adopt any kind of steady policy, especially in religious matters. With his foreign wives, Solomon sacrifices to foreign gods, and this incurs the wrath of the priesthood. The loyal Jeroboam appeals to his king's conscience, but to no avail. During one of Solomon's sorties in disguise among his people, a simple farmer reminds him of the first of the Ten Commandments revealed by the Lord to Moses: "You shall have no other gods before me." At another decisive moment, God Himself speaks to Solomon and announces the punishment for his sinfulness: the kingdom will collapse after Solomon's death. The king has grown old and weary. He has lost touch with the people of Israel, who are suffering from heavy taxation and forced labor. Solomon has treated his long-standing companion Jeroboam, to whom he entrusted the administration of the northern tribes, with murderous anger ever since a prophet predicted the division of the kingdom to him. The king no longer has the strength to change things -- he just leaves them as they are. The consequences of this become clear shortly after his death. Solomon's son and successor Rehoboam treats the country's leaders with arrogance, and provokes the division of the kingdom into two parts: the only tribe still loyal to him is that of Judah, while all the others unite under Jeroboam. The prophecy has been fulfilled. The kingdom that Solomon received from his father David, and invested with such might and magnificence, is now divided.

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